Cerco-Simon Thorpe

Simon THORPE
Directeur de Recherche CNRS
Member of the CNRS "Comité National" Section 27.

Tél : (+33) (0) 5 62 17 28 03
Fax: (+33) (0) 5 62 17 28 09

Research Interests
My current interests are centred on understanding the phenomenal processing speed achieved by the visual system. For a number of years we have been running experiments that attempt to measure just howfast visual processing is using briefly flashed natural scenes using a combination of electrophysiological and behavioural methods. With Holle Kirchner, we recently found that when two images aresimultaneously flashed to the left and right of the fixation point, humans can initiate saccades to the side where the scene contains an animal in only 130 ms. Such severe temporal constraints pose majorproblems for virtually all current theories of visual processing. In an attempt to explain this sort of ultra-rapid processing I proposed a novel coding scheme that uses the order in which cells fire spikes,rather than firing rates to encode information. It turns out that using such a code may allow us recognise objects when as few as 1% of the neurons in the visual pathways have fired a spike. In 1999, I setup a company (SpikeNet Technology) that has developed image processing software based on these principles. A demo of the software can be downloaded from the company web site (www.spikenet-technology.com).

Techniques Used
I'm currently using mainly behavioural and ERP methods for the experimental work and computer simulation for the modelling. But in the past I have used a wide range of techniques including single unitrecording in awake monkeys and fMRI in humans.

Teaching
I regularly teach for the M2 Neurosciences, Cognition & Comportement and for the M2 Neuropsychology. I have also done teaching for various image processing courses.

Research Group
Rudy Guyonneau – Post-doc
Tim Masquelier - Post-doc
Sébastien Crouzet - Student
Florian Dramas - Student (with Christophe Jouffrais)
Nicolas Guilbaud – SpikeNet Engineer
Jong-Mo Allegraud – SpikeNet Engineer

Previous Doctoral Students
Nadège Bacon-Macé
Arnaud Delorme (co-direction with Michèle Fabre-Thorpe)
Denis Fize
Jacques Gautrais
Rudy Guyonneau
Tim Masquelier
Laurent Perrinet (co-direction with Manuel Samuelides)
Corinne Roumes
Rufin Van Rullen

Collaborations
My main collaborations within the lab are with Michèle Fabre-Thorpe, Rufin VanRullen and Denis Fize. Outside the lab, I have close contacts with Daniel Pressnitzer and Yves Fregnac in Paris, Guillaume Masson in Marseille, Karl Gegenfurtner and Heiko Neumann in Germany, and Gustavo Deco in Spain.

Principal publications

2008

Masquelier, T., Guyonneau, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2008). Spike timing dependent plasticity finds the start of repeating patterns in continuous spike trains. PLoS ONE, 3(1), e1377.

2007

Bacon-Mace, N., Kirchner, H., Fabre-Thorpe, M., & Thorpe, S. J. (2007). Effects of task requirements on rapid natural scene processing: From common sensory encoding to distinct decisional mechanisms. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 33(5), 1013-1026.

Masquelier, T., & Thorpe, S. J. (2007). Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features through Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity. PLoS Comput Biol, 3(2), e31.

Rousselet, G. A., Mace, M. J., Thorpe, S. J., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2007). Limits of Event-related Potential Differences in Tracking Object Processing Speed. J Cogn Neurosci, 19(8), 1241-1258.

2006

Guyonneau, R., Kirchner, H., & Thorpe, S. J. (2006). Animals roll around the clock: the rotation invariance of ultrarapid visual processing. J Vis, 6(10), 1008-1017.

Kirchner, H., & Thorpe, S. J. (2006). Ultra-rapid object detection with saccadic eye movements: Visual processing speed revisited. Vision Res, 46(11), 1762-1776.

2005

Bacon-Mace, N., Mace, M. J., Fabre-Thorpe, M., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). The time course of visual processing: Backward masking and natural scene categorisation. Vision Res, 45(11), 1459-1469.

Fize, D., Fabre-Thorpe, M., Richard, G., Doyon, B., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Rapid categorization of foveal and extrafoveal natural images: Associated ERPs and effects of lateralization. Brain Cogn, 59(2), 145-158.

Guyonneau, R., Vanrullen, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Neurons Tune to the Earliest Spikes Through STDP. Neural Comput, 17(4), 859-879.

Loiselle, S., Rouat, J., Pressnitzer, D., & Thorpe, S. (2005, July 31 - Aug 4, 2005). Exploration of Rank Order Coding with Spiking Neural Networks for Speech Recognition. Paper presented at the Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Montreal, Canada.

Mace, M. J., Thorpe, S. J., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2005). Rapid categorization of achromatic natural scenes: how robust at very low contrasts? Eur J Neurosci, 21(7), 2007-2018..

Vanrullen, R., Guyonneau, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Spike times make sense. Trends Neurosci, 28(1), 1-4.

2004

Guyonneau R, Van Rullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2004. Neurons tune to the earliest spikes through STDP. Neural Computation (in press)

Guyonneau, R., Vanrullen, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2004). Temporal codes and sparse representations: A key to understanding rapid processing in the visual system. J Physiol Paris, 98(4-6), 487-497.

Perrinet, L., Samuelides, M., & Thorpe, S. (2004). Coding static natural images using spiking event times: do neurons cooperate? IEEE Trans Neural Netw, 15(5), 1164-1175.

Perrinet L, Samuelides M, Thorpe SJ. 2004. Sparse spike coding in an asynchronous feed-forward multi-layer neural network using matching pursuit. Neurocomputing 57: 125–34

Rousselet GA, Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2004. How parallel is visual processing in the ventral pathway? Trends Cogn Sci 8: 363-70

Rousselet GA, Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2004. Processing of one, two or four natural scenes in humans: the limits of parallelism. Vision Res 44: 877-94

Thorpe SJ, Guyonneau R, Guilbaud N, Allegraud JM, Vanrullen R. 2004. SpikeNet: Real-time visual processing with one spike per neuron. Neurocomputing 58-60: 857-64

2003

Delorme A, Thorpe SJ. 2003. SpikeNET: an event-driven simulation package for modelling large networks of spiking neurons. Network 14: 613-27

Rousselet GA, Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2003. Taking the MAX from neuronal responses. Trends Cogn Sci 7: 99-102.

2002

Rousselet GA, Fabre-Thorpe M, Thorpe SJ. 2002. Parallel processing in high-level categorization of natural images. Nat Neurosci 5: 629-30.

Thorpe, S. J. (2002, Nov 22-24, 2002). Ultra-Rapid Scene Categorization with a Wave of Spikes. Paper presented at the Biologically Motivated Computer Vision: 2nd International Workshop, BMCV 2002, Tübingen, Germany.

Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2002. Fast visual processing and its implications. In The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks. 2nd Edition, ed. M Arbib. Cambridge MA: MIT Press

Thorpe, S. J. (2002). Localized Versus Distributed Representations. In M. A. Arbib (Ed.), The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (2nd ed., pp. 643-645). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2002. Surfing a spike wave down the ventral stream. Vision Res 42: 2593-615.

2001

Delorme A, Perrinet L, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Networks of integrate-and-fire neurons using Rank Order Coding B: Spike timing dependent plasticity and emergence of orientation selectivity.Neurocomputing 38-40: 539-45

Delorme A, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Face identification using one spike per neuron: resistance to image degradations. Neural Netw 14: 795-803.

Fabre-Thorpe M, Delorme A, Marlot C, Thorpe S. 2001. A limit to the speed of processing in ultra-rapid visual categorization of novel natural scenes. J Cogn Neurosci 13: 171-80.

Perrinet L, Delorme A, Samuelides M, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Networks of integrate-and-fire neuron using rank order coding A: How to implement spike time dependent Hebbian plasticity. Neurocomputing 38:

Thorpe, S. J. (2001). Le système visuel humain. In J. M. Jolion (Ed.), Les Systèmes de Vision (pp. 23-53). Paris: Hermes.

Thorpe S, Delorme A, Van Rullen R. 2001a. Spike-based strategies for rapid processing. Neural Netw 14: 715-25.

Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2001. Neuroscience. Seeking categories in the brain. Science 291: 260-3.

Thorpe SJ, Gegenfurtner KR, Fabre-Thorpe M, Bulthoff HH. 2001b. Detection of animals in natural images using far peripheral vision. Eur J Neurosci 14: 869-76.

VanRullen R, Delorme A, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Feed-forward contour integration in primary visual cortex based on asynchronous spike propagation. Neurocomputing 38: 1003-9

VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2001a. Is it a bird? Is it a plane? Ultra-rapid visual categorisation of natural and artifactual objects. Perception 30: 655-68

VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2001b. Rate coding versus temporal order coding: what the retinal ganglion cells tell the visual cortex. Neural Comput 13: 1255-83.

VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2001c. The time course of visual processing: from early perception to decision- making. J Cogn Neurosci 13: 454-61.

2000

Fize D, Boulanouar K, Chatel Y, Ranjeva JP, Fabre-Thorpe M, Thorpe S. 2000. Brain areas involved in rapid categorization of natural images: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 11: 634-43.

Thorpe, S. J. (2000). Pattern recognition in the visual system and the nature of neural coding. In A. Carbone, M. Gromov & P. Prusinkiewicz (Eds.), Pattern Formation in Biology, Vision and Dynamics (pp. 382-391). Singapour: World Scientific.

Thorpe, S. J., Delorme, A., VanRullen, R., & Paquier, W. (2000). Reverse engineering of the visual system using networks of spiking neurons. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 4, 405-408.

1999

Delorme A, Gautrais J, van RR, Thorpe S. 1999. SpikeNET: a simulator for modeling large networks of integrate-and-fire neurons. Neurocomputing 26-27: 989-96

VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 1999. Spatial attention in asynchronous neural networks. Neurocomputing 26: 911-8

1998

Fabre-Thorpe M, Richard G, Thorpe SJ. 1998b. Rapid categorization of natural images by rhesus monkeys. Neuroreport 9: 303-8

Fabre-Thorpe, M., Richard, G., & Thorpe, S. (1998). On the speed of natural scene categorisation in human and non-human primates. Curr Psychol Cogn, 17(4-5), 791-805.

Fabre-Thorpe M, Fize D, Richard G, Thorpe SJ. 1998a. Rapid categorization of extrafoveal natural images : implications for biological models. In Comput Neurosci, ed. Bower, pp. 7-12: Plenum Press

Gautrais J, Thorpe S. 1998. Rate coding versus temporal order coding: a theoretical approach. Biosystems 48: 57-65

Thorpe, S. J. (1998). Mécanismes cérébraux de la perception d'une scène visuelle. In M. Boucart, M. A. Hénaff & C. Belin (Eds.), Vision : Aspects Perceptifs et Cognitifs (pp. 43-62). Marseille: Solal.

Thorpe SJ, Gautrais J. 1998. Rank Order Coding. In Computational Neuroscience: Trends in Research 1998, ed. J Bower, pp. 113-8. New York: Plenum Press

VanRullen R, Gautrais J, Delorme A, Thorpe S. 1998. Face processing using one spike per neurone. Biosystems 48: 229-39.

1997

Roumes, C., Plantier, J., Menu, J. P., & Thorpe, S. J. (1997). The effects of spatial frequency on binocular fusion : from elementary to complex images. Hum Factors, 39(3), 359-373.

Samuelides, M., Thorpe, S., & Veneau, E. (1997). Implementing Hebbian Learning in a Rank-Based Neural Network. In W. Gerstner, A. Germond, M. Hasler & J. D. Nicoud (Eds.), Artificial Neural Networks - ICANN '97 (pp. 145-150): Springer.

Thorpe, S. J., & Gautrais, J. (1997, April 16-17-18, 1997). How can the visual system process a natural scene in under 150 ms? On the role of asynchronous spike propagation. Paper presented at the ESANN1997 - 5th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks, Bruges, Belgium.

Thorpe SJ, Gautrais J. 1997. Rapid Visual Processing using Spike Asynchrony. In Neural Information Processing Systems, ed. MC Mozer, MI Jordan, T Petsche, pp. 901-7. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press

1996

Thorpe S, Fize D, Marlot C. 1996. Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature 381: 520-2

Trotter Y, Celebrini S, Stricanne B, Thorpe S, Imbert M. 1996. Neural processing of stereopsis as a function of viewing distance in primate visual cortical area V1. J Neurophysiol 76: 2872-85

1995 and earlier

Thorpe, S. J. (1995). Traitement d'images par les réseaux de neurones naturels et artificiels. Bulletin de la Société Française de Statistiques, 13, 1-16.

Thorpe, S. (1995). Visual recognition: From retina to inferotemporal cortex. Revue De Neuropsychologie, 5(4), 389-410.

Thorpe, S. (1995). Localized versus distributed representations. In M. Arbib (Ed.), The handbook of brain theory and neural networks (pp. 549-552). Cambridge, MA, USA MIT Press

Thorpe, S. (1994). Les mécanismes de prise d'information - Partie 1 : Modèles de traitement de l'information. In Neuropsychologie humaine (pp. 153-178).

Celebrini S, Thorpe S, Trotter Y, Imbert M. 1993. Dynamics of orientation coding in area V1 of the awake primate. Vis Neurosci 10: 811-25

Thorpe, S. J. (1992 ). Psychology and neuroscience: towards a common language Intellectica, 13-14, 241-271.

Trotter Y, Celebrini S, Stricanne B, Thorpe S, Imbert M. 1992. Modulation of neural stereoscopic processing in primate area V1 by the viewing distance. Science 257: 1279-81.

Fregnac Y, Shulz D, Thorpe S, Bienenstock E. 1992. Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. I. Plasticity of orientation selectivity. J Neurosci 12: 1280-300.

Pouget, A., & Thorpe, S. J. (1991). Connectionist models of orientation identification. Connection Science, 3(2), 127-142.

Thorpe, S. J. (1991). Image Processing by the Human Visual System. In G. Garcia & I. Herman (Eds.), Advances in Computer Graphics (Vol. VI, pp. 309-342). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Thorpe, S. J. (1990). Spike arrival times: A highly efficient coding scheme for neural networks. In R. Eckmiller, G. Hartmann & G. Hauske (Eds.), Parallel processing in neural systems and computers (pp. 91-94): Elsevier.

Thorpe, S. (1989). Local vs. distributed coding. Intellectica, 8, 3-40.

Thorpe, S., & Imbert, M. (1989). Biological constraints on connectionist modelling. In R. Pfeifer, Z. Schreter, F. Fogelman-Soulié & L. Steels (Eds.), Connectionism in perspective (pp. 63-93). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Thorpe, S. J., O'Regan, J. K., & Pouget, A. (1989). Humans fail on XOR pattern classification problems. In L. Personnaz & G. Dreyfus (Eds.), Neural networks : From models to applications (pp. 12-25). Paris: I.D.S.E.T.

Thorpe, S. J., & Pouget, A. (1989). Coding of orientation by the visual cortex: Neural network modelling. In R. Pfeifer, Z. Schreter, F. Fogelman-Soulié & L. Steels (Eds.), Connectionism in Perspective (pp. 447-454). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Fregnac Y, Shulz D, Thorpe S, Bienenstock E. 1988. A cellular analogue of visual cortical plasticity. Nature 333: 367-70.

Thorpe, S. J. (1988). Traitement d'images chez l'homme. Technique et Science Informatiques, 7, 517-524.

Thorpe, S. J. (1988). Coding of simple visual stimuli in the human visual system. In J. J. Kulikowski, C. M. Dickinson & I. J. Murray (Eds.), Seeing Contour and Colour (pp. 388-345). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Rolls ET, Murzi E, Yaxley S, Thorpe SJ, Simpson SJ. 1986. Sensory-specific satiety: food-specific reduction in responsiveness of ventral forebrain neurons after feeding in the monkey. Brain Res 368:79-86.

Rolls ET, Thorpe SJ, Boytim M, Szabo I, Perrett DI. 1984. Responses of striatal neurons in the behaving monkey. 3. Effects of iontophoretically applied dopamine on normal responsiveness. Neuroscience12: 1201-12

Thorpe SJ, Rolls ET, Maddison S. 1983. The orbitofrontal cortex: neuronal activity in the behaving monkey. Exp Brain Res 49: 93-115

Rolls ET, Thorpe SJ, Maddison SP. 1983. Responses of striatal neurons in the behaving monkey. 1. Head of the caudate nucleus. Behav Brain Res 7: 179-210

Rolls ET, Perrett D, Thorpe SJ, Puerto A, Roper-Hall A, Maddison S. 1979. Responses of neurons in area 7 of the parietal cortex to objects of different significance. Brain Res 169: 194-8

Keywords
Vision, Neural Coding, Perception, Neural Networks, Spikes, Ultra-Rapid Categorisation, Plasticity

Postal Address
Faculté de Médecine de Rangueil-Bât A3
133, route de Narbonne
31 062 TOULOUSE Cedex
FRANCE

	2008
	Masquelier, T., Guyonneau, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2008). Spike timing dependent plasticity finds the start of repeating patterns in continuous spike trains. PLoS ONE, 3(1), e1377.
	2007
	Bacon-Mace, N., Kirchner, H., Fabre-Thorpe, M., & Thorpe, S. J. (2007). Effects of task requirements on rapid natural scene processing: From common sensory encoding to distinct decisional mechanisms. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 33(5), 1013-1026.
	Masquelier, T., & Thorpe, S. J. (2007). Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features through Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity. PLoS Comput Biol, 3(2), e31.
	Rousselet, G. A., Mace, M. J., Thorpe, S. J., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2007). Limits of Event-related Potential Differences in Tracking Object Processing Speed. J Cogn Neurosci, 19(8), 1241-1258.
	2006
	Guyonneau, R., Kirchner, H., & Thorpe, S. J. (2006). Animals roll around the clock: the rotation invariance of ultrarapid visual processing. J Vis, 6(10), 1008-1017.
	Kirchner, H., & Thorpe, S. J. (2006). Ultra-rapid object detection with saccadic eye movements: Visual processing speed revisited. Vision Res, 46(11), 1762-1776.
	2005
	Bacon-Mace, N., Mace, M. J., Fabre-Thorpe, M., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). The time course of visual processing: Backward masking and natural scene categorisation. Vision Res, 45(11), 1459-1469.
	Fize, D., Fabre-Thorpe, M., Richard, G., Doyon, B., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Rapid categorization of foveal and extrafoveal natural images: Associated ERPs and effects of lateralization. Brain Cogn, 59(2), 145-158.
	Guyonneau, R., Vanrullen, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Neurons Tune to the Earliest Spikes Through STDP. Neural Comput, 17(4), 859-879.
	Loiselle, S., Rouat, J., Pressnitzer, D., & Thorpe, S. (2005, July 31 - Aug 4, 2005). Exploration of Rank Order Coding with Spiking Neural Networks for Speech Recognition. Paper presented at the Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Montreal, Canada.
	Mace, M. J., Thorpe, S. J., & Fabre-Thorpe, M. (2005). Rapid categorization of achromatic natural scenes: how robust at very low contrasts? Eur J Neurosci, 21(7), 2007-2018..
	Vanrullen, R., Guyonneau, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2005). Spike times make sense. Trends Neurosci, 28(1), 1-4.
	2004
	Guyonneau R, Van Rullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2004. Neurons tune to the earliest spikes through STDP. Neural Computation (in press)
	Guyonneau, R., Vanrullen, R., & Thorpe, S. J. (2004). Temporal codes and sparse representations: A key to understanding rapid processing in the visual system. J Physiol Paris, 98(4-6), 487-497.
	Perrinet, L., Samuelides, M., & Thorpe, S. (2004). Coding static natural images using spiking event times: do neurons cooperate? IEEE Trans Neural Netw, 15(5), 1164-1175.
	Perrinet L, Samuelides M, Thorpe SJ. 2004. Sparse spike coding in an asynchronous feed-forward multi-layer neural network using matching pursuit. Neurocomputing 57: 125–34
	Rousselet GA, Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2004. How parallel is visual processing in the ventral pathway? Trends Cogn Sci 8: 363-70
	Rousselet GA, Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2004. Processing of one, two or four natural scenes in humans: the limits of parallelism. Vision Res 44: 877-94
	Thorpe SJ, Guyonneau R, Guilbaud N, Allegraud JM, Vanrullen R. 2004. SpikeNet: Real-time visual processing with one spike per neuron. Neurocomputing 58-60: 857-64
	2003
	Delorme A, Thorpe SJ. 2003. SpikeNET: an event-driven simulation package for modelling large networks of spiking neurons. Network 14: 613-27
	Rousselet GA, Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2003. Taking the MAX from neuronal responses. Trends Cogn Sci 7: 99-102.
	2002
	Rousselet GA, Fabre-Thorpe M, Thorpe SJ. 2002. Parallel processing in high-level categorization of natural images. Nat Neurosci 5: 629-30.
	Thorpe, S. J. (2002, Nov 22-24, 2002). Ultra-Rapid Scene Categorization with a Wave of Spikes. Paper presented at the Biologically Motivated Computer Vision: 2nd International Workshop, BMCV 2002, Tübingen, Germany.
	Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2002. Fast visual processing and its implications. In The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks. 2nd Edition, ed. M Arbib. Cambridge MA: MIT Press
	Thorpe, S. J. (2002). Localized Versus Distributed Representations. In M. A. Arbib (Ed.), The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (2nd ed., pp. 643-645). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
	VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2002. Surfing a spike wave down the ventral stream. Vision Res 42: 2593-615.
	2001
	Delorme A, Perrinet L, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Networks of integrate-and-fire neurons using Rank Order Coding B: Spike timing dependent plasticity and emergence of orientation selectivity.Neurocomputing 38-40: 539-45
	Delorme A, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Face identification using one spike per neuron: resistance to image degradations. Neural Netw 14: 795-803.
	Fabre-Thorpe M, Delorme A, Marlot C, Thorpe S. 2001. A limit to the speed of processing in ultra-rapid visual categorization of novel natural scenes. J Cogn Neurosci 13: 171-80.
	Perrinet L, Delorme A, Samuelides M, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Networks of integrate-and-fire neuron using rank order coding A: How to implement spike time dependent Hebbian plasticity. Neurocomputing 38:
	Thorpe, S. J. (2001). Le système visuel humain. In J. M. Jolion (Ed.), Les Systèmes de Vision (pp. 23-53). Paris: Hermes.
	Thorpe S, Delorme A, Van Rullen R. 2001a. Spike-based strategies for rapid processing. Neural Netw 14: 715-25.
	Thorpe SJ, Fabre-Thorpe M. 2001. Neuroscience. Seeking categories in the brain. Science 291: 260-3.
	Thorpe SJ, Gegenfurtner KR, Fabre-Thorpe M, Bulthoff HH. 2001b. Detection of animals in natural images using far peripheral vision. Eur J Neurosci 14: 869-76.
	VanRullen R, Delorme A, Thorpe SJ. 2001. Feed-forward contour integration in primary visual cortex based on asynchronous spike propagation. Neurocomputing 38: 1003-9
	VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2001a. Is it a bird? Is it a plane? Ultra-rapid visual categorisation of natural and artifactual objects. Perception 30: 655-68
	VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2001b. Rate coding versus temporal order coding: what the retinal ganglion cells tell the visual cortex. Neural Comput 13: 1255-83.
	VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 2001c. The time course of visual processing: from early perception to decision- making. J Cogn Neurosci 13: 454-61.
	2000
	Fize D, Boulanouar K, Chatel Y, Ranjeva JP, Fabre-Thorpe M, Thorpe S. 2000. Brain areas involved in rapid categorization of natural images: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 11: 634-43.
	Thorpe, S. J. (2000). Pattern recognition in the visual system and the nature of neural coding. In A. Carbone, M. Gromov & P. Prusinkiewicz (Eds.), Pattern Formation in Biology, Vision and Dynamics (pp. 382-391). Singapour: World Scientific.
	Thorpe, S. J., Delorme, A., VanRullen, R., & Paquier, W. (2000). Reverse engineering of the visual system using networks of spiking neurons. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 4, 405-408.
	1999
	Delorme A, Gautrais J, van RR, Thorpe S. 1999. SpikeNET: a simulator for modeling large networks of integrate-and-fire neurons. Neurocomputing 26-27: 989-96
	VanRullen R, Thorpe SJ. 1999. Spatial attention in asynchronous neural networks. Neurocomputing 26: 911-8
	1998
	Fabre-Thorpe M, Richard G, Thorpe SJ. 1998b. Rapid categorization of natural images by rhesus monkeys. Neuroreport 9: 303-8
	Fabre-Thorpe, M., Richard, G., & Thorpe, S. (1998). On the speed of natural scene categorisation in human and non-human primates. Curr Psychol Cogn, 17(4-5), 791-805.
	Fabre-Thorpe M, Fize D, Richard G, Thorpe SJ. 1998a. Rapid categorization of extrafoveal natural images : implications for biological models. In Comput Neurosci, ed. Bower, pp. 7-12: Plenum Press
	Gautrais J, Thorpe S. 1998. Rate coding versus temporal order coding: a theoretical approach. Biosystems 48: 57-65
	Thorpe, S. J. (1998). Mécanismes cérébraux de la perception d'une scène visuelle. In M. Boucart, M. A. Hénaff & C. Belin (Eds.), Vision : Aspects Perceptifs et Cognitifs (pp. 43-62). Marseille: Solal.
	Thorpe SJ, Gautrais J. 1998. Rank Order Coding. In Computational Neuroscience: Trends in Research 1998, ed. J Bower, pp. 113-8. New York: Plenum Press
	VanRullen R, Gautrais J, Delorme A, Thorpe S. 1998. Face processing using one spike per neurone. Biosystems 48: 229-39.
	1997
	Roumes, C., Plantier, J., Menu, J. P., & Thorpe, S. J. (1997). The effects of spatial frequency on binocular fusion : from elementary to complex images. Hum Factors, 39(3), 359-373.
	Samuelides, M., Thorpe, S., & Veneau, E. (1997). Implementing Hebbian Learning in a Rank-Based Neural Network. In W. Gerstner, A. Germond, M. Hasler & J. D. Nicoud (Eds.), Artificial Neural Networks - ICANN '97 (pp. 145-150): Springer.
	Thorpe, S. J., & Gautrais, J. (1997, April 16-17-18, 1997). How can the visual system process a natural scene in under 150 ms? On the role of asynchronous spike propagation. Paper presented at the ESANN1997 - 5th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks, Bruges, Belgium.
	Thorpe SJ, Gautrais J. 1997. Rapid Visual Processing using Spike Asynchrony. In Neural Information Processing Systems, ed. MC Mozer, MI Jordan, T Petsche, pp. 901-7. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press
	1996
	Thorpe S, Fize D, Marlot C. 1996. Speed of processing in the human visual system. Nature 381: 520-2
	Trotter Y, Celebrini S, Stricanne B, Thorpe S, Imbert M. 1996. Neural processing of stereopsis as a function of viewing distance in primate visual cortical area V1. J Neurophysiol 76: 2872-85
	1995 and earlier
	Thorpe, S. J. (1995). Traitement d'images par les réseaux de neurones naturels et artificiels. Bulletin de la Société Française de Statistiques, 13, 1-16.
	Thorpe, S. (1995). Visual recognition: From retina to inferotemporal cortex. Revue De Neuropsychologie, 5(4), 389-410.
	Thorpe, S. (1995). Localized versus distributed representations. In M. Arbib (Ed.), The handbook of brain theory and neural networks (pp. 549-552). Cambridge, MA, USA MIT Press
	Thorpe, S. (1994). Les mécanismes de prise d'information - Partie 1 : Modèles de traitement de l'information. In Neuropsychologie humaine (pp. 153-178).
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	Fregnac Y, Shulz D, Thorpe S, Bienenstock E. 1992. Cellular analogs of visual cortical epigenesis. I. Plasticity of orientation selectivity. J Neurosci 12: 1280-300.
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	Thorpe, S. J. (1991). Image Processing by the Human Visual System. In G. Garcia & I. Herman (Eds.), Advances in Computer Graphics (Vol. VI, pp. 309-342). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
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	Fregnac Y, Shulz D, Thorpe S, Bienenstock E. 1988. A cellular analogue of visual cortical plasticity. Nature 333: 367-70.
	Thorpe, S. J. (1988). Traitement d'images chez l'homme. Technique et Science Informatiques, 7, 517-524.
	Thorpe, S. J. (1988). Coding of simple visual stimuli in the human visual system. In J. J. Kulikowski, C. M. Dickinson & I. J. Murray (Eds.), Seeing Contour and Colour (pp. 388-345). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
	Rolls ET, Murzi E, Yaxley S, Thorpe SJ, Simpson SJ. 1986. Sensory-specific satiety: food-specific reduction in responsiveness of ventral forebrain neurons after feeding in the monkey. Brain Res 368:79-86.
	Rolls ET, Thorpe SJ, Boytim M, Szabo I, Perrett DI. 1984. Responses of striatal neurons in the behaving monkey. 3. Effects of iontophoretically applied dopamine on normal responsiveness. Neuroscience12: 1201-12
	Thorpe SJ, Rolls ET, Maddison S. 1983. The orbitofrontal cortex: neuronal activity in the behaving monkey. Exp Brain Res 49: 93-115
	Rolls ET, Thorpe SJ, Maddison SP. 1983. Responses of striatal neurons in the behaving monkey. 1. Head of the caudate nucleus. Behav Brain Res 7: 179-210
	Rolls ET, Perrett D, Thorpe SJ, Puerto A, Roper-Hall A, Maddison S. 1979. Responses of neurons in area 7 of the parietal cortex to objects of different significance. Brain Res 169: 194-8